Core Principles And Basic Sciences In Orthopaedic Surgery Practice Tests

Question 1

Which layer of the physis is considered the weakest and most susceptible to injury during longitudinal bone growth?

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophic layer

Answer

Resting layer

Answer

Proliferative layer

Answer

Calcification layer

Question 2

Wallerian degeneration occurs in the proximal segment of a nerve following an axonotmesis injury.

Accepted Answer

False

Answer

True

Question 3

Which zone of the meniscus possesses the highest vascularity, allowing for a higher potential for healing?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral 10–30% (red zone)

Answer

Central 50% (white zone)

Answer

Inner 10% (white zone)

Answer

Entire meniscus

Question 4

What is the primary collagen type found in healthy articular cartilage?

Accepted Answer

Type II collagen

Question 5

Which of the following are recognized mechanisms of lubrication in synovial joints?

Answer

Boundary lubrication

Answer

Fluid-film lubrication

Answer

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication

Answer

Solid-state friction

Question 6

In the context of bone metabolism, what is the primary effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on serum calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Increases serum calcium

Answer

Decreases serum calcium

Answer

Has no effect on serum calcium

Answer

Increases phosphate excretion only

Question 7

Which gene is primarily responsible for directing anterior-posterior limb development in the embryo?

Accepted Answer

Option A

Answer

Option B

Answer

Option C

Answer

Option D

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the process of passivation in metallic orthopaedic implants?

Accepted Answer

The formation of a protective oxide layer on the surface of the metal to prevent corrosion.

Answer

The heat treatment process to increase the hardness of the metal.

Answer

The process of coating the metal with a polymer to reduce wear.

Answer

The removal of grain boundaries to improve fatigue strength.

Question 9

In the context of visco-elastic materials, 'creep' is defined as the decrease in stress over time when the material is held at a constant strain.

Accepted Answer

False

Answer

True

Question 10

Which of the following strategies can be employed to reduce the hip joint reaction force during gait?

Answer

Reducing body weight

Answer

Using a walking stick in the contralateral hand

Answer

Increasing the speed of walking

Answer

Decreasing the lever arm of the body weight

Question 11

What are the three distinct phases of ligament and tendon healing?

Accepted Answer

Inflammatory, proliferative, and remodelling.

Question 12

Which lever class is most commonly represented by the musculoskeletal system, where the muscle force (effort) is applied between the fulcrum (joint) and the load?

Accepted Answer

Third-class lever

Answer

First-class lever

Answer

Second-class lever

Answer

Fourth-class lever

Question 13

What is the primary clinical concern regarding the use of UHMWPE (Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene) in total joint arthroplasty?

Accepted Answer

Wear debris-induced osteolysis.

Answer

High susceptibility to corrosion.

Answer

Excessive brittleness leading to catastrophic fracture.

Answer

Poor biocompatibility with surrounding bone tissue.

Question 14

In the context of hypothesis testing, what is a Type I error?

Accepted Answer

A false-positive result where the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true.

Answer

A false-negative result where the null hypothesis is accepted when it is actually false.

Answer

The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis.

Answer

The standard deviation of a normally distributed dataset.

Question 15

Which mechanism describes the action of bisphosphonates in bone metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of osteoclast activity.

Answer

Stimulation of osteoblast proliferation.

Answer

Direct increase in calcium absorption in the gut.

Answer

Modification of gene transcription in osteocytes.

Question 16

In MRI imaging, T2-weighted sequences are preferred for identifying fluid-filled structures because fluid appears bright.

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the Enneking staging system for bone tumours?

Accepted Answer

It stages tumours based on histological grade (G), local extent (T), and presence of metastases (M).

Answer

It relies solely on the patient's age and tumour location.

Answer

It is used exclusively for staging benign bone cysts.

Answer

It categorizes tumours based on the Hounsfield unit density measured on CT scans.

Question 18

Which of the following are considered cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

Answer

Rubor

Answer

Calor

Answer

Dolor

Answer

Tumor

Answer

Functio laesa

Answer

Cyanosis

Answer

Jaundice

Question 19

What is the primary mechanism of action of warfarin regarding coagulation factors?

Accepted Answer

It blocks the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, and X.

Question 20

According to Perren’s strain theory, what is required for primary bone healing?

Accepted Answer

Absolute stability with minimal interfragmentary strain.

Answer

Relative stability to promote callus formation.

Answer

High levels of strain to stimulate osteoblast activity.

Answer

Complete immobilization without any contact between bone fragments.

Core Principles And Basic Sciences In Orthopaedic Surgery Practice Tests

Practice Tests

Core Principles and Basic Sciences in Orthopaedic Surgery

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