If an organism reproduces via parthenogenesis , determine the likely ploidy level of the offspring if the parent is diploid and the egg is unfertilised.

The offspring will be haploid (n) because the unfertilised egg develops directly into a mature individual without the restorative process of fertilisation .

Compare the genetic outcome of offspring produced by mitosis versus meiosis .

Mitosis: Produces genetically identical daughter cells (clones). Meiosis: Produces genetically unique daughter cells due to crossing over and independent assortment, contributing to population diversity.

Explain why asexual reproduction is an evolutionary advantage in a stable environment.

Asexual reproduction allows for rapid colonization and energy efficiency because there is no need to expend metabolic resources finding a mate, while preserving genetic traits that are already successful in that specific stable niche.

In the context of nuclear transfer , explain why the donor somatic cell nucleus must be inserted into an enucleated egg cell .

The recipient egg must be enucleated to remove the egg's own genetic material, ensuring the resulting embryo contains only the genetic information from the somatic donor nucleus , effectively creating a clone.

Evaluate the primary risk to a population that relies exclusively on asexual reproduction when exposed to a new, rapidly spreading pathogen.

The population is at high risk of extinction because the lack of genetic variation means there are no individuals with pre-existing resistance to the pathogen, leading to uniform susceptibility across the entire population.

Describe the functional difference between the scion and the stock in the process of plant grafting .

Scion: The upper portion chosen for its desirable traits, such as fruit quality. Stock: The lower rooted portion chosen for its hardiness, disease resistance, or strong root system.

Identify the biological process that allows for crossing over during meiosis and explain its impact on DNA.

Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA. This process shuffles genetic material , creating new allele combinations on chromosomes that did not exist in either parent.

Determine the limitation of embryo splitting as a biotechnology technique compared to nuclear transfer .

Embryo splitting is limited because it can only produce identical offspring from a single fertilised zygote, whereas nuclear transfer can theoretically produce clones from an adult somatic cell of an existing organism.

Explain the ecological danger of monocultures resulting from widespread cloning in agriculture.

Monocultures reduce biodiversity , making the entire crop population vulnerable to a single environmental stressor, disease, or pest outbreak, as no genetic variation exists to provide natural resistance.

How does fragmentation differ from fission in asexual reproduction mechanisms?

Fission: A controlled division of a single-celled organism's nucleus and cytoplasm into two daughter cells. Fragmentation: A multicellular organism breaks into pieces, and each piece has the capacity to regenerate missing body parts to form a complete individual.

Why is sexual reproduction considered a strategy to reduce competition among offspring?

Because sexual reproduction generates genetic variation , offspring may have different physiological needs or resource requirements, which can reduce the intensity of intraspecific competition within a shared environment.

Contrast vegetative propagation and spore formation in plants.

Vegetative propagation: Uses detached somatic parts (e.g., runners, tubers) to grow new, identical plants. Spore formation: Uses specialised, hardy, single-celled reproductive units designed to survive harsh environmental conditions before germinating.

If a species has a diploid number of $2n = 46$, calculate the number of chromosomes present in the gametes produced through meiosis .

Meiosis reduces the chromosome count by half. Therefore, the gametes will contain $n = rac{46}{2} = 23$ chromosomes.

What is the primary trade-off regarding energy expenditure in sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction ?

Sexual reproduction is energy-intensive due to the requirement of finding and attracting a mate and the production of specialised gametes, whereas asexual reproduction requires significantly less energy and time as it only involves a single parent.

Reproductive Strategies And Advanced Biotechnology Techniques For Vce Biology Flashcards

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Reproductive Strategies and Advanced Biotechnology Techniques for VCE Biology

This deck explores the biological mechanisms of asexual and sexual reproduction while analyzing modern cloning techniques and their ecological impacts.

15 cards

intermediate

000

by @ab1s

Q: If an organism reproduces via parthenogenesis, determine the likely ploidy level of...

Q: Calculate the number of possible chromosome combinations in gametes for an organism with a diploid n...

Q: Compare the genetic outcome of offspring produced by mitosis versu...

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