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| Concept/Formula | Definition/Equation | When to Use |
|---|---|---|
| Pure Substance | A substance with a fixed composition and properties. | Identifying purity in samples. |
| Law of Definite Proportions | A chemical compound always contains the same elements in the same proportions by mass. | Determining the composition of compounds. |
| Boyle's Law | Calculating volume/pressure changes of gases at constant temperature. |
Type A: Separation Technique Identification
Setup: "When you need to separate a mixture based on boiling points."
Method: Use fractional distillation.
Example: Separating ethanol and water.
Type B: Stoichiometric Calculation
Setup: "Given the mass of a reactant, find the mass of a product."
Method: Use mole ratios from balanced equation.
Example: Calculating the mass of CO2 produced from burning methane.
Problem: Calculate the volume of oxygen required to completely burn 2 moles of methane () at STP. Steps:
"✅Answer: 89.6 L
| Concept/Formula | Definition/Equation | When to Use |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number (Z) | Number of protons in the nucleus. | Identifying an element. |
| Ionization Energy | Energy required to remove an electron from an atom. | Predicting metallic character. |
| Electronegativity | Measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond. | Determining bond polarity. |
Type A: Electron Configuration
Setup: "Given an element, write its electron configuration."
Method: Fill orbitals according to Aufbau principle.
Example: Electron configuration of Oxygen (Z=8) is .
Type B: Predicting Bond Type
Setup: "Given two elements, predict the type of bond they will form."
Method: Use electronegativity difference.
Example: Na and Cl form an ionic bond.
Problem: Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in . Steps:
"✅Answer: 11 protons, 12 neutrons, 11 electrons
| Concept/Formula | Definition/Equation | When to Use |
|---|---|---|
| Saturated Solution | A solution containing the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature. | Understanding solubility limits. |
| Hard Water | Water containing dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium. | Identifying and treating water hardness. |
| Solubility | Amount of solute that dissolves in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature. | Calculating solution concentration. |
Type A: Solubility Calculation
Setup: "Given solubility in g/L, find concentration in mol/L."
Method: Convert grams to moles, then divide by volume.
Example: Convert 100 g/L NaCl to mol/L.
Type B: Water Hardness Identification
Setup: "Given water sample forms scum with soap."
Method: Identify as hard water.
Example: Water from limestone regions.
Problem: If 20g of NaCl is dissolved in 500mL of water, what is the concentration in g/L? Steps:
"✅Answer: 40 g/L
| Concept/Formula | Definition/Equation | When to Use |
|---|---|---|
| Air Pollution | Contamination of air by harmful substances. | Identifying environmental hazards. |
| Biodegradable Pollutant | A pollutant that can be broken down by natural processes. | Classifying pollutants. |
| Eutrophication | Excessive nutrient enrichment in a water body, leading to algal blooms. | Understanding water pollution effects. |
Type A: Pollution Source Identification
Setup: "Given a pollutant, identify its source."
Method: Research common sources of the pollutant.
Example: Source of SO2 is burning fossil fuels.
Type B: Pollution Control Measure
Setup: "Given a type of pollution, suggest control measures."
Method: Implement strategies to reduce or eliminate the pollutant.
Example: Control air pollution by using scrubbers in factories.
Problem: Identify a major source of water pollution and a method to control it. Steps:
"✅Answer: Sewage discharge, implement sewage treatment plants.
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