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| Concept/Event | Significance | Key Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Social Psychology Definition | Study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others. | Focuses on interplay between situational factors and individual characteristics. |
| Methodological Individualism | Emphasizes individual characteristics in shaping behavior. | Floyd Allport's contribution. |
| Empiricism | Use of empirical data to draw conclusions. | Relies on the scientific method. |
| Critical Rationalism | Importance of attempting to disprove hypotheses. | Karl Popper's contribution. |
| True Experiments | Gold standard for establishing causality. | Random assignment of participants. |
| Research Ethics | Participants should not experience harm. | Debriefing after deception. |
| Concept/Event | Significance | Key Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Dissonance | Aversive motivational state from conflicting cognitions. | Magnitude depends on importance and relevance. |
| Forced Compliance | Acting in a way that contradicts beliefs. | 20-Dollar Experiment. |
| Free Choice | Making a difficult decision between alternatives. | Choosing between consumer items. |
| Selective Exposure | Seeking information that supports existing beliefs. | Preferring information that supports a decision. |
| Dissonance Reduction | Adding consonant cognitions, reducing dissonant cognitions. | Rationalizing behavior. |
| Groupthink | Suppressing critical information for group cohesion. | Study on the end-of-the-world sect. |
| Concept/Event | Significance | Key Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Heuristics | Mental shortcuts that simplify judgments. | Availability, representativeness, anchoring. |
| Availability Heuristic | Estimating likelihood based on ease of recall. | Media coverage influencing perceptions. |
| Representativeness Heuristic | Judging based on similarity to a prototype. | Stereotyping. |
| Anchoring Heuristic | Relying too heavily on the first piece of information. | Initial price influencing negotiations. |
| Accuracy Motivation | Leads to more careful processing. | Seeking out diverse information. |
| Defense Motivation | Leads to biased processing. | Devaluing opposing viewpoints. |
| Prospect Theory | Evaluating outcomes based on a reference point. | Loss aversion. |
| Loss Aversion | Being more sensitive to losses than gains. | Risk-seeking when facing potential losses. |
| Concept/Event | Significance | Key Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Prosocial Behavior | Any behavior that benefits others. | Giving money to charity. |
| Helping Behavior | Prosocial behavior with the intention of improving well-being. | Assisting someone in need. |
| Civil Courage | Helping despite significant risks. | Intervening in a crime. |
| Bystander Effect | Less likely to help when others are present. | Diffusion of responsibility. |
| Diffusion of Responsibility | Feeling less responsible when others are present. | Kitty Genovese case. |
| Altruism | Selfless helping. | Empathy-altruism hypothesis. |
| Empathy | Understanding and sharing the feelings of others. | Helping someone struggling with a heavy load. |
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