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| Concept/Event | Significance | Key Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| National Territory | Defines Philippine sovereign rights | Includes archipelago, internal waters, terrestrial, fluvial, aerial domains, territorial sea, seabed, subsoil, insular shelves, and submarine areas. |
| Democratic and Republican State | Sovereignty resides in the people | "The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them." |
| Civilian Supremacy | Ensures democratic governance | Prioritization of civilian authority over the military. |
| State Policies | Guides government actions | Pursuit of independent foreign policy, freedom from nuclear weapons, promotion of social justice, protection of human rights, etc. |
| Concept/Event | Significance | Key Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Due Process | Ensures fair legal procedures | No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. |
| Equal Protection | Guarantees equal treatment under law | All persons are treated equally under the law, without discrimination. |
| Rights of the Accused | Protects individuals during criminal proceedings | Right to be informed of rights, remain silent, counsel, bail, speedy trial, confront witnesses, against self-incrimination. |
| Freedom of Expression | Allows free exchange of ideas | Rights to freedom of speech, expression, and the press. |
| Freedom of Religion | Protects individual beliefs | No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. |
| Concept/Event | Significance | Key Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Acquisition of Citizenship | Defines who are Philippine citizens | By birth (jus sanguinis and jus soli) and by naturalization. |
| Loss of Citizenship | Circumstances for losing citizenship | Renunciation or naturalization in another country. |
| Suffrage | Right to vote | Citizens at least 18 years of age, resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in the place where they propose to vote for at least six months. |
| Secrecy of Ballot | Ensures free and fair elections | Congress provides a system for securing the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot. |
| Concept/Event | Significance | Key Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Structure of Congress | Bicameral legislature | Senate (24 Senators) and House of Representatives (elected from legislative districts and party-list system). |
| Powers of Congress | Legislative authority | Power to legislate, declare war, appropriate funds, conduct inquiries in aid of legislation, and propose amendments to the Constitution. |
| Legislative Process | How a bill becomes a law | Passage in both houses and presentment to the President. |
| Legislative Privileges | Protects members of Congress | Immunity from arrest for certain offenses while Congress is in session, and freedom of speech and debate. |
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