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| Concept/Formula | Definition/Equation | When to Use |
|---|---|---|
| Displacement | Δx = x₂ - x₁ | Change in position |
| Velocity | v = Δx/Δt | Rate of change of position |
| Acceleration | a = Δv/Δt | Rate of change of velocity |
| Newton's 2nd Law | F = ma | Relate force, mass, and acceleration |
| Weight | W = mg | Force due to gravity |
| Torque | τ = rFsinθ | Rotational force |
| Kinematic Equation 1 | v = v₀ + at | Constant acceleration, final velocity |
| Kinematic Equation 2 | x = v₀t + ½at² | Constant acceleration, displacement |
| Kinematic Equation 3 | v² = v₀² + 2ax | Constant acceleration, no time |
Type A: Constant Acceleration: Identify initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, time, and displacement. Use kinematic equations to solve for unknowns. Type B: Projectile Motion: Break initial velocity into x and y components. Analyze x and y motion separately using kinematic equations. Type C: Equilibrium: Sum of forces in x and y directions equals zero. Sum of torques equals zero. Draw free body diagram.
| Concept/Formula | Definition/Equation | When to Use |
|---|---|---|
| Kinetic Energy | KE = ½mv² | Energy of motion |
| Potential Energy (Gravitational) | PE = mgh | Energy due to height |
| Work | W = Fdcosθ | Energy transfer due to force |
| Work-Energy Theorem | W_net = ΔKE | Relate work and kinetic energy change |
| Power | P = W/t | Rate of doing work |
| Mechanical Advantage | MA = F_out/F_in | Force amplification by a machine |
Type A: Work Calculation: Calculate work done by a force given displacement and angle. Type B: Energy Conservation: Total energy (KE + PE) remains constant in a closed system (conservative forces only). Type C: Power Calculation: Calculate power given work and time, or force and velocity.
| Concept/Formula | Definition/Equation | When to Use |
|---|---|---|
| Zeroth Law | A in equilibrium with B, B in equilibrium with C, then A in equilibrium with C | Thermal equilibrium |
| First Law | ΔU = Q - W | Change in internal energy |
| Specific Heat | Q = mcΔT | Heat required to change temperature |
| Heat of Transformation | Q = mL | Heat required for phase change |
| Second Law | ΔS ≥ 0 | Entropy increases in a closed system |
Type A: Heat Transfer: Calculate heat required to change temperature or phase of a substance. Type B: First Law Application: Relate change in internal energy to heat and work. Type C: Entropy Change: Determine whether a process increases or decreases entropy.
| Concept/Formula | Definition/Equation | When to Use |
|---|---|---|
| Pressure | P = F/A | Force per unit area |
| Density | ρ = m/V | Mass per unit volume |
| Pascal's Principle | P₁ = P₂ | Pressure transmitted equally in fluid |
| Buoyant Force | F_B = ρVg | Weight of displaced fluid |
| Continuity Equation | A₁v₁ = A₂v₂ | Constant flow rate |
| Bernoulli's Equation | P + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant | Relate pressure, velocity, height |
Type A: Pressure Calculation: Calculate pressure at a given depth in a fluid. Type B: Buoyancy Problems: Determine whether an object will float or sink. Type C: Fluid Flow: Apply continuity equation and Bernoulli's equation to solve fluid flow problems.
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